Filozofia
type: channel
description: Filozofia is an academic journal publishing original articles in a wide range of areas including metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, history of philosophy, social and political philosophy, and related disciplines, such as logic, methodology and ethics. Filozofia is double-blind peer-reviewed journal and is open to all authors, independently of their methodology and/or theoretical background. Filozofia is published 6 times per year: in February (no. 1), April (no. 2), May (no. 3), September (no. 4), October (no. 5), and December (no. 6).
publisher: Filozofický ústav SAV, v.v.i.
language: en
publication name: Filozofia
issn: 0046-385X
copyright: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
items: Introduction to the Monothematic Block: The Human Being in the Coordinates of Symbolic Structures
items: FACUNDO BEY (Ed.): Hans-Georg Gadamer. Cuestiones abiertas / Open Questions
items: Michel Eltchaninoff: Lenin Walked on the Moon
items: Introduction to the Monothematic Block: Socrates in the 20th Century
items: Hegel and Gombrich on the Particular Forms of Art and their Persistence
items: Could a Large Language Model be Conscious?
items: Vasil Gluchman: Podoby sekulárneho humanizmu na Slovensku v 20. storočí (do roku 1989)
items: Patočka’s Socrates and His Socratic Politics
items: The Experience of Strangeness and the Possibility of Manifestations in Social Roles with Reference to A. Schutz and H. Plessner
items: Feuerbach’s Anthropomorphic Critique of Kant’s Theism
items: A Precursor to Dialogical Philosophy? Buber’s Ambiguous View of Socrates
items: The Conflict between the Old and the New Soap-Cellars and Kierkegaard’s Relation with Speculative Thought
items: The Impossible Market Democracy
items: The Problem of the Interiority of Inner Consciousness in Husserl's Phenomenology, with Reference to the Concept of the Inner in Plato
items: Gadamer's Socratic Plato
items: Truth, Plurality, and Political Phenomenology: Hannah Arendt’s Socrates
items: Introduction to the Monothematic Block: Megarics and Their Place in the Socratic Movement
items: The Other of the Other: Seth Benardete’s View of Socrates
items: Topoanalysis and Cultural Images: The Case of the cul-de-sac
items: “Art Has No Power over Schein through Its Abolition”
items: Zelený Leviathan aneb Poetika politické svobody. Průvodce svobodou v době klimatické změny a umělé inteligence
items: Frege’s Der Gedanke as a Rival Project to Wittgenstein’s Tractatus
items: The Order of Art and Ethical Disorder: Levinasian Thoughts on Creation and Resistance
items: Commentaries on Selected Fragments by Euclid of Megara
items: Quassim Cassam: Conspiracy Theories
items: Towards a Phenomenology of Rupture
items: E. Cassirer and the Landscape as a Multisensory and Spatio-Temporal Synthesis
items: Data Toxicality: A Techno-Philosophical Inquiry into Digital Harm
items: Sacrum and Holiday: The Case of Tragedy in Jan Patočka’s Thought
items: H.L.A. Hart’s Liability-Responsibility in F.A. von Hayek’s Thought

Introduction to the Monothematic Block: The Human Being in the Coordinates of Symbolic Structures
type: item
subject: Miscellaneous (Scientific events, Critical notes, …)
  topic: section
subject: introduction
  topic: keywords
subject: monothematic block
  topic: keywords
subject: human being
  topic: keywords
subject: symbolic structures
  topic: keywords
creator: Jaroslava Vydrová
creator: Jon Stewart
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jaroslava Vydrová, Jon Stewart https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16

FACUNDO BEY (Ed.): Hans-Georg Gadamer. Cuestiones abiertas / Open Questions
type: item
description: A book review of Facundo Bey's (ed.): Hans-Georg Gadamer. Cuestiones abiertas / Open Questions. Quito: Filosófica Editorial 2025, 476 pp.
subject: Book reviews
  topic: section
subject: Hermeneutics
  topic: keywords
subject: Gadamer
  topic: keywords
subject: book review
  topic: keywords
creator: Martín Prestía
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Martín Prestía https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.5.11

Michel Eltchaninoff: Lenin Walked on the Moon
type: item
description: A review of the book of Michel Eltchaninoff: Lenin Walked on the Moon, trans. by Tina Kover. London: Europa Editions, 2023, pp. 256.
subject: Book reviews
  topic: section
subject: a book review
  topic: keywords
subject: Eltchaninoff
  topic: keywords
subject: cosmism
  topic: keywords
creator: Mark Coeckelbergh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mark Coeckelbergh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-24
publication date: 2025-09-24
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.4.9

Introduction to the Monothematic Block: Socrates in the 20th Century
type: item
subject: Miscellaneous (Scientific events, Critical notes, …)
  topic: section
subject: introduction
  topic: keywords
subject: Socrates
  topic: keywords
creator: Jozef Majerník
creator: Refik Güremen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jozef Majerník, Refik Güremen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-24
publication date: 2025-09-24

Hegel and Gombrich on the Particular Forms of Art and their Persistence
type: item
description: Hegel’s aesthetics is not only organized around a developed account of the differing artistic genres (from architecture to poetry) but also articulates the importance of the particular forms of art (i.e., the symbolic, classical and romantic). The oppositions involved in Hegel’s treatment of the particular forms of art – particularly that between the symbolic and the classical – also have an importance for the twentieth-century art historian E. H. Gombrich, who frames their relation as an opposition between what he called the “incarnational” side of art and the “challenge to the senses” that he thought the symbolic art form posed. This paper compares Gombrich’s and Hegel’s views of these art forms and turns in a final section to an exploration of the post- Hegelian, post-Gombrichian legacy of these issues.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gombrich
  topic: keywords
subject: Hegel
  topic: keywords
subject: artistic form
  topic: keywords
subject: Moritz
  topic: keywords
subject: symbol
  topic: keywords
subject: beauty
  topic: keywords
subject: absolute spirit
  topic: keywords
creator: Allen Speight
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Allen Speight https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.5.1

Could a Large Language Model be Conscious?
type: item
description: There has recently been widespread discussion of whether large language models such as the GPT systems might be sentient or conscious. Should we take this idea seriously? I will discuss the underlying issue and will break down the strongest reasons for and against.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: consciousness
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Turing test
  topic: keywords
creator: David J. Chalmers
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 David J. Chalmers https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-24
publication date: 2025-09-24
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.4.1

Vasil Gluchman: Podoby sekulárneho humanizmu na Slovensku v 20. storočí (do roku 1989)
type: item
description: A review of the book of Vasil Gluchman: Podoby sekulárneho humanizmu na Slovensku v 20. storočí (do roku 1989). Prešov: Prešovská univerzita v Prešove 2024, 228 pp.
subject: Book reviews
  topic: section
subject: a book review
  topic: keywords
subject: Gluchman
  topic: keywords
subject: humanism
  topic: keywords
creator: Dmytro Tomakh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dmytro Tomakh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-24
publication date: 2025-09-24
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.4.10

Patočka’s Socrates and His Socratic Politics
type: item
description: This paper gives an account of Jan Patočka’s reception of the figure of Socrates. Patočka sees as Socrates’ most important insight his knowledge of ignorance – the fact that we lack knowledge of the most important things in life, but we merely have opinions of them. Socrates then questions and examines such opinions, his own as well as those of others, and this practice of questioning thinking is what Patočka calls care for the soul, and which he understands as the general form of all genuine philosophic questioning. The mature Patočka understood the entirety of Plato’s thought as rooted in his account of the self-moving soul, and this account as arising from reflection on Socratic questioning. Finally, I argue that Patočka’s decision to actively engage with the Charter 77 movement was explicitly motivated by the example of Socrates.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Jan Patočka
  topic: keywords
subject: Socrates
  topic: keywords
subject: Plato
  topic: keywords
subject: the soul
  topic: keywords
subject: care for the soul
  topic: keywords
subject: political philosophy
  topic: keywords
creator: Jozef Majerník
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jozef Majerník https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-24
publication date: 2025-09-24
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.4.6

The Experience of Strangeness and the Possibility of Manifestations in Social Roles with Reference to A. Schutz and H. Plessner
type: item
description: The aim of the article is to describe the peculiar situation of a stranger and a homecomer from the perspective of what they have at their disposal and how they occur in social relations. In this regard, firstly, we explore the configurations of the experience, and secondly, the forms of performing roles in private and public space, diplomacy and tact. This is examined with reference to the ideas of liminal subjectivity in A. Schutz and radical artificiality in H. Plessner. Both thinkers drew from the phenomenological tradition and were concerned with questions of social relations, although they rarely appear together in theoretical considerations. The study does not intend to compare them; however, it does indicate how an exploration of their ideas can contribute to gaining greater insight into peculiar intersubjective relations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Schutz
  topic: keywords
subject: Plessner
  topic: keywords
subject: phenomenology of sociality
  topic: keywords
subject: stranger
  topic: keywords
subject: homecomer
  topic: keywords
subject: role
  topic: keywords
subject: manifestation
  topic: keywords
creator: Jaroslava Vydrová
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jaroslava Vydrová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.5.7

Feuerbach’s Anthropomorphic Critique of Kant’s Theism
type: item
description: Scholars have not noticed that Immanuel Kant’s theoretical and practical (moral) conceptions of God inspired the structure of Ludwig Feuerbach’s general account of God in his The Essence of Christianity and that Kant’s theism is a primary target in Feuerbach’s anthropomorphic critique. To recognize the role of Kant’s account of God in Feuerbach’s Essence opens up new vistas in understanding both philosophers on the origin, nature and reality of the concept of God. I conclude by defending the plausibility of Feuerbach’s anthropomorphic critique of Kant’s theism, although Feuerbach does not always construe Kant’s views accurately.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Kant
  topic: keywords
subject: Feuerbach
  topic: keywords
subject: God
  topic: keywords
subject: anthropomorphism
  topic: keywords
subject: morality
  topic: keywords
creator: Lou Matz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lou Matz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.5.2

A Precursor to Dialogical Philosophy? Buber’s Ambiguous View of Socrates
type: item
description: Martin Buber’s reception of Socrates is complex and its emphases shifted over time. In the present article I first demonstrate how Buber included Socrates in his project of dialogical philosophy and depicted him as an ally in his confrontation with monological philosophical paradigms. Subsequently, I highlight those aspects of Socrates’ doctrine which Buber considered problematic, often discussing them in connection with Jewish spirituality. I continue by analyzing Buber’s ideal of dialogical education, in which his confrontation with Socrates plays a central role. Finally, I present an overall evaluation of Buber’s reception of Socrates, commenting on its development and dynamics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: dialogical philosophy
  topic: keywords
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: Socrates
  topic: keywords
subject: Martin Buber
  topic: keywords
creator: Peter Šajda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Peter Šajda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-24
publication date: 2025-09-24
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.4.8

The Conflict between the Old and the New Soap-Cellars and Kierkegaard’s Relation with Speculative Thought
type: item
description: In this article I offer a historical analysis of Kierkegaard’s early, unpublished theatrical work, The Conflict between the Old and the New Soap-Cellars. In this comedy, it is possible to trace a number of expressions that ridicule the philosophical view of Martensen, which in turn is associated with Hegelianism and speculative thought. However, I wish to argue that, if one pays close attention to some passages in Kierkegaard’s early journals in the 1830s, specifically the so-called journal of Gilleleje, one notes that he actually seems to agree with Martensen on several points. In my view, this would show that, despite Kierkegaard’s hostility towards Martensen in the Soap-Cellars, he was actually sympathetic to some of the latter’s ideas. This analysis would help us to better understand the philosophical position of young Kierkegaard, who, as it turns out, had a more favorable opinion of speculative thinking than is often thought.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Kierkegaard
  topic: keywords
subject: Martensen
  topic: keywords
subject: Hegel
  topic: keywords
subject: Heiberg
  topic: keywords
subject: Speculative thought
  topic: keywords
subject: Golden Age Denmark
  topic: keywords
subject: Satire
  topic: keywords
creator: Nassim Bravo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nassim Bravo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-24
publication date: 2025-09-24
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.4.2

The Impossible Market Democracy
type: item
description: When the discourse on crises sidesteps the system’s shortcomings democracy is in a bad way. Institutions, social networks and individualism are to blame. It's the fault of the “radicalism of extremes,” or even of our powerlessness in the face of economic violence, which needs to be softened. Yet capitalism is founded on the division between the economic and the political, which makes it fundamentally anti-democratic.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: democracy
  topic: keywords
subject: capitalism
  topic: keywords
subject: hegemony
  topic: keywords
subject: politicism
  topic: keywords
subject: progressive neoliberalism
  topic: keywords
creator: Nancy Fraser
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nancy Fraser https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-19
publication date: 2025-05-19
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.3.1

The Problem of the Interiority of Inner Consciousness in Husserl's Phenomenology, with Reference to the Concept of the Inner in Plato
type: item
description: This study explores parallels between Plato’s soul structure and Husserl’s intentional consciousness regarding the “inner.” It argues Plato’s “inner” is a relational view of soul and world via action, surprisingly connected to Husserl’s overcoming psychologization and dynamic intentionality. This path suggests that what appears a subjectivist or Cartesian legacy within phenomenology has deeper roots, namely Husserl’s central motif of the inner as inner consciousness, the ground in which all constitution occurs. Despite parallels, the study notes key differences in their architectonics (soul vs. immanent consciousness, ideal, theoria). Ultimately, it shows phenomenology’s approach to the “inner” as unveiling external meaning’s presuppositions offers a distinct yet complementary perspective to Plato’s soul structure in the order of Forms.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Husserl
  topic: keywords
subject: idea
  topic: keywords
subject: Plato
  topic: keywords
subject: the inner
  topic: keywords
subject: the whole
  topic: keywords
subject: evidence
  topic: keywords
creator: David Rybák
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 David Rybák https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.5.3

Gadamer's Socratic Plato
type: item
description: Socrates provides the model for philosophy for Gadamer, who follows Plato and the example of Socrates with the claim that philosophy is dialectic and that dialectic is carried out through dialogue. The Socratic dialogues are exemplary in their open-endedness and their embrace of finitude. Gadamer is influenced by Heidegger’s thought, yet he resists Heidegger’s interpretation of Plato. The essay examines Gadamer’s account of the proximity of the thought of Plato and Aristotle and Gadamer’s claim that Aristotle’s ethics can already be found in Plato. I argue that Gadamer does not adequately attend to the distinction of logos and nous in the thought of Plato and Aristotle.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: hermeneutics
  topic: keywords
subject: dialectic
  topic: keywords
subject: dialogue
  topic: keywords
subject: logos
  topic: keywords
subject: nous
  topic: keywords
subject: indeterminate Two
  topic: keywords
subject: phronesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Socrates
  topic: keywords
subject: Plato
  topic: keywords
subject: Aristotle
  topic: keywords
subject: Heidegger
  topic: keywords
creator: Robert J. Dostal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Robert J. Dostal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-24
publication date: 2025-09-24
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.4.4

Truth, Plurality, and Political Phenomenology: Hannah Arendt’s Socrates
type: item
description: This paper examines Hannah Arendt’s Socrates. I argue that Arendt construes Socrates as a model of the compatibility of philosophy and politics. This model uniquely articulates this compatibility through a hermeneutic-phenomenological approach, where truth is conceived as a perspectival disclosure of meaning in the plural and discursive world of politics. I further contend that the more solitary features of Arendt’s Socrates (thinking as internal dialogue, and speechless wonder) also contribute to the political realm as a site of truth.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Arendt
  topic: keywords
subject: Socrates
  topic: keywords
subject: truth
  topic: keywords
subject: hermeneutics
  topic: keywords
subject: phenomenology
  topic: keywords
subject: plurality
  topic: keywords
creator: Antoine Pageau-St-Hilaire
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Antoine Pageau-St-Hilaire https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-24
publication date: 2025-09-24
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.4.5

Introduction to the Monothematic Block: Megarics and Their Place in the Socratic Movement
type: item
description: Miscellaneous
subject: Miscellaneous (Scientific events, Critical notes, …)
  topic: section
subject: Megarics
  topic: keywords
subject: monothematic block
  topic: keywords
creator: Vladislav Suvák
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Vladislav Suvák https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-19
publication date: 2025-05-19

The Other of the Other: Seth Benardete’s View of Socrates
type: item
description: Following in the footsteps of his teacher Leo Strauss, Seth Benardete devoted his life to understanding “the problem of Socrates”: Plato’s complex and enigmatic portrayal of the ironic Socrates’ embodiment of the philosophic life. This paper introduces Benardete’s rich and dense interpretive work by focusing on his understanding of two of Socrates’ most distinctive characteristics: his daimonion and his eros. Like Strauss, Benardete reads Plato’s dialogues as a response to Aristophanes’ fundamental but friendly critique of Socrates in the Clouds. In this context, the daimonion and eros emerge as the manifestation of Socrates’ self-knowledge, and thus of political philosophy as the “eccentric core” of philosophy. Guided by Plato, Benardete subsequently moves beyond the “quarrel between poetry and philosophy” to trace the Socratic turn and the origins of political philosophy all the way back to Homer.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: daimonion
  topic: keywords
subject: eros
  topic: keywords
subject: Socrates
  topic: keywords
subject: Seth Benardete
  topic: keywords
subject: Leo Strauss
  topic: keywords
creator: David Janssens
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 David Janssens https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-24
publication date: 2025-09-24
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.4.7

Topoanalysis and Cultural Images: The Case of the cul-de-sac
type: item
description: The study deals with the possibilities of using the topoanalytical method applied to cultural images of urban spaces. As a guiding example, the phenomenon of a specific space, such as the cul-de-sac, is highlighted here. The author shows how the metaphor of the cul-de-sac as a description of a dead-end situation developed. It was historically imagined in three modes: as a dark and narrow alley (with an emphasis on the play of light, darkness, groping around and uncertain steps), as a space of wandering and being-lost, and finally as an image of impassability, of stopping and thus of a situation without a way out. Beyond the metaphorical and symbolic use of this image, attitudes to the place of the cul-de-sac in urban infrastructure have also changed: from its elimination in urban planning to its invocation as a positive value.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Topoanalysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Cultural Images
  topic: keywords
subject: Imaginative sets
  topic: keywords
subject: Metaphors
  topic: keywords
subject: Cul-de-sac
  topic: keywords
creator: Anton Vydra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anton Vydra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.5.9

“Art Has No Power over Schein through Its Abolition”
type: item
description: Theodor Adorno’s aesthetics takes up the German Idealist and Romantic idea of “Schein” – the “beautiful illusion” characteristic of authentic art – and reinterprets it through the lens of his own very particular kind of dialectical Marxism. Unlike his friend, Walter Benjamin, who welcomed the overcoming of so-called auratic art, Adorno believed that Schein can thus be vindicated. Whether this is so, the article argues, depends on how far one accepts Adorno’s adoption of a Marxist-Hegelian conception of social meaning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Adorno
  topic: keywords
subject: Hegel
  topic: keywords
subject: art
  topic: keywords
subject: Schein
  topic: keywords
subject: interpretation
  topic: keywords
subject: Marxism
  topic: keywords
subject: beauty
  topic: keywords
subject: illusion
  topic: keywords
subject: meaning
  topic: keywords
creator: Michael Rosen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Michael Rosen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-04-16
publication date: 2025-04-16
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.2.1

Zelený Leviathan aneb Poetika politické svobody. Průvodce svobodou v době klimatické změny a umělé inteligence
type: item
description: book review
subject: Book reviews
  topic: section
subject: a book review
  topic: keywords
subject: Coeckelbergh
  topic: keywords
creator: Břetislav Horyna
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Břetislav Horyna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-04-16
publication date: 2025-04-16
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.2.10

Frege’s Der Gedanke as a Rival Project to Wittgenstein’s Tractatus
type: item
description: Based on the contents of the correspondence and an analysis of Der Gedanke and the Tractatus , and a comparison of the two, particularly in terms of the question What is fact? and What is the world?, we have attempted to provide a justification for the hypothesis that Frege’s essay Der Gedanke was conceived as a rival project to Wittgenstein’s nascent Tractatus. Our hypothesis explains Wittgenstein’s long-lasting animosity towards the contents of this particular treatise even decades after Frege’s death. We consider the key difference between the two projects to be the question of the explication of the concepts of fact and world. For Frege, the external world of sense-perceptible things (the World 1) is only the ground for objective facts, which are true thoughts that are composed exclusively of abstract entities. Wittgenstein, on the other hand, says that the world itself is the totality of facts which are special complexes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: abstract entity
  topic: keywords
subject: fact
  topic: keywords
subject: complex
  topic: keywords
subject: true thought
  topic: keywords
subject: world
  topic: keywords
creator: František Gahér
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 František Gahér https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-19
publication date: 2025-05-19
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.3.2

The Order of Art and Ethical Disorder: Levinasian Thoughts on Creation and Resistance
type: item
description: This article proposes a reflection on the status of art, and particularly literature, in the work of Emmanuel Levinas. In the French phenomenologist’s thought, literature occupies an ambivalent position: he frequently engages with it in his philosophical discourse, yet when confronting it directly, he excludes it from the ethical realm. In this study, I seek to highlight a series of arguments that can be advanced from a Levinasian perspective in favor of an ethical literature. I do so first by contrasting Levinas’s thought with Hannah Arendt’s reflections on narration. Then, I analyze a text that appears particularly suited to a Levinasian reading: Atonement, by Ian McEwan. Finally, I show how art can serve the ethical purposes Levinas envisioned: the de-automatization of the conatus, that is, the human being concerned solely with the preservation of its own life.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Philosophy of Literature
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: Aesthetics
  topic: keywords
subject: Emmanuel Levinas
  topic: keywords
creator: Nicolás de Navascués
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nicolás de Navascués https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.5.5

Commentaries on Selected Fragments by Euclid of Megara
type: item
description: Selected fragments of Euclid of Megara concentrate on the testimonies that modern historians consider important for our efforts to reconstruct the early phase of the so-called Megarian Socratic school. Three of the fragments in this selection come from the doxographer Diogenes Laertius, who takes them from earlier Peripatetic and Alexandrian sources (fragments SSR II A 30, SSR II A 32, and SSR II A 34, according to Giannantoni’s edition); the fourth fragment comes from Cicero (SSR II A 31). The main method in the interpretation of the fragments is a hermeneutical reading of the text and the context, based on linguistic analysis and comparison of the various theses attributed to Euclid with the corpus of Socratic literature as well as with Hellenistic philosophy. The purpose of this paper is not to provide an interpretation of the fragments, but to review the basic strategies of modern historians in interpreting these testimonies, so that the reader can get a comprehensive picture of how the fragments have been interpreted in the last two centuries.
subject: Miscellaneous (Scientific events, Critical notes, …)
  topic: section
subject: Euclid of Megara
  topic: keywords
subject: Ancient doxography
  topic: keywords
subject: Megarian school
  topic: keywords
subject: Socratic movement
  topic: keywords
creator: Vladislav Suvák
creator: Andrej Kalaš
creator: Jaroslav Cepko
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Vladislav Suvák, Andrej Kalaš, Jaroslav Cepko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-19
publication date: 2025-05-19
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.3.11

Quassim Cassam: Conspiracy Theories
type: item
description: book review
subject: Book reviews
  topic: section
subject: book review
  topic: keywords
subject: Quassim Cassam
  topic: keywords
creator: Dimitar Ganev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dimitar Ganev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-04-16
publication date: 2025-04-16
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.2.11

Towards a Phenomenology of Rupture
type: item
description: What makes phenomena such as birth, death, creation or fate specifically “limit phenomena” within Husserl’s phenomenology is not simply their difficulty, but also that they seem to threaten phenomenology as a transcendentalist project. As a transcendentalist project, phenomenology tries to overcome contingency by seeking the apodictic and necessary, leading Husserl to focus on normal, optimal, typical phenomena. It is at the margins that phenomenology is threatened by collapsing back into contingency. In my paper, I propose the concept of “rupture” as that which best expresses the limit-character of limit phenomena. The rupture in the normal course of experience calls for re-configuration that introduces novelty. I suggest that a systematic investigation into phenomenology of rupture may help phenomenology to address the problem of novelty.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Edmund Husserl
  topic: keywords
subject: Merleau-Ponty
  topic: keywords
subject: Rupture
  topic: keywords
subject: Phenomenology
  topic: keywords
subject: Sleep
  topic: keywords
subject: Intersubjectivity
  topic: keywords
subject: aesthetics
  topic: keywords
subject: revolution
  topic: keywords
creator: Michal Lipták
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Michal Lipták https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.5.6

E. Cassirer and the Landscape as a Multisensory and Spatio-Temporal Synthesis
type: item
description: The study focuses on the issue of landscape developed in twentieth-century German philosophy. In addition to Georg Simmel and Joachim Ritter, Ernst Cassirer also devoted himself to this topic. The aim is to prove that Cassirer is part of a line of thinking drawing mainly on the aesthetics of Immanuel Kant and landscape painting. At the same time his theory of landscape reveals interdisciplinary overlaps between aesthetics, art, and the natural sciences. Cassirer’s theory is similar to Simmel’s, but for Simmel, landscape is a creation of contemporary man, while for Cassirer it is a sign of man as such, only with different meanings in historical periods. Landscape is then perceived as a multisensory and time-space synthesis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: symbolic ability
  topic: keywords
subject: perception of expression
  topic: keywords
subject: Cassirer
  topic: keywords
subject: Uexküll
  topic: keywords
subject: Simmel
  topic: keywords
subject: landscape
  topic: keywords
creator: Romana Javorčeková
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Romana Javorčeková https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.5.10

Data Toxicality: A Techno-Philosophical Inquiry into Digital Harm
type: item
description: In biochemistry, toxicity denotes the potential of a substance to cause harm within a biological system. Over time, the concept has been extended beyond its scientific origins to describe forms of social and psychological harm, as reflected in expressions like “toxic masculinity” or “toxic relationships.” This paper introduces the concept of “data toxicality,” a techno-philosophical perspective on harmful sociopsychological effects emerging from data practices in the digital age. Unlike biochemical toxicity, data toxicality manifests in interpersonal and institutional dynamics, affecting autonomy, power structures, and digital ethics. The discussion examines both direct and indirect harms resulting from data misuse, surveillance, and algorithmic bias, while considering “unfindability” as a conceptual alternative to data deletion.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: data toxicality
  topic: keywords
subject: techno-philosophy
  topic: keywords
subject: digital ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: digital harm
  topic: keywords
subject: surveillance and autonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: unfindability
  topic: keywords
subject: structural violence
  topic: keywords
creator: Gerhard Schreiber
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Gerhard Schreiber https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-19
publication date: 2025-05-19
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.3.3

Sacrum and Holiday: The Case of Tragedy in Jan Patočka’s Thought
type: item
description: The article aims to elaborate the meaning of “holiday” in the context of Jan Patočka’s late philosophy. The article addresses two aspects of Patočka’s work. First, it presents Patočka’s concept of the sacrum and its relation to the question of authenticity and modernity. Second, it connects these considerations to Patočka’s earlier texts on Greek tragedy. According to Patočka, tragedy stands at the historical threshold between subjection to myth and openness to problemacity, the non-givenness of the final ground of meaning. This is not only due to changes in mythical narration, but also to the fact that tragedy is a form of manifesting ritualistic behavior. This context allows the author to discern various types of holidays regarding its meaning and the meaning of ritual practices: mythical and tragic, religious and modern.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: J. Patočka
  topic: keywords
subject: Holiday
  topic: keywords
subject: Sacrum
  topic: keywords
subject: Tragedy
  topic: keywords
subject: Everydayness
  topic: keywords
subject: Modernity
  topic: keywords
creator: Michal Zvarík
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Michal Zvarík https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.5.8

H.L.A. Hart’s Liability-Responsibility in F.A. von Hayek’s Thought
type: item
description: This study delves into Hayek’s treatment of liability-responsibility. Although Hayek does not systematically classify concepts of responsibility, his observations align closely with Hart’s typology, which includes liability-responsibility. This type is invoked when the violation of established norms is associated with a specific sanction. Among the types distinguished by Hart, liability-responsibility is most extensively discussed in Hayek’s works, justifying its exclusive examination. This focus also relates directly to fundamental themes in Hayek’s thought. The paper examines how Hayek perceives liability-responsibility in legal and moral dimensions, emphasizes the importance of the rule of law as a guarantee of individual freedom, and explores the role of informal social mechanisms in safeguarding moral traditions to minimize the need for coercion.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: F.A. Hayek
  topic: keywords
subject: H.L.A. Hart
  topic: keywords
subject: liability
  topic: keywords
subject: moral tradition
  topic: keywords
subject: rule of law
  topic: keywords
creator: Halina Šimo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Halina Šimo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-24
publication date: 2025-09-24
doi: 10.31577/filozofia.2025.80.4.3