Beech bark disease in Slovakia related to fungi of the genus Nectria S.l. and the anatomy of necrotised bark and wood: a brief review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2020-0003Keywords:
beech necrosis, Fagus sylvatica L., histopathology, Nectria s.l., xylem tissuesAbstract
This short review summarises the history and current knowledge regarding beech bark disease (BBD) in Slovakia. Moreover, the results of ongoing long-term disease monitoring are summarised. The article also provides a list of the 29 Nectria s.l. species found to date in Slovakia, complete with information about their occurrence on host tree species. Above all, we highlight the need for histopathological research on beech tissues attacked by different Nectria spp. Notably, neither the defensive response mechanisms of host cellular tissues at the anatomical and biochemical levels nor the strategy of decomposition by different pathogens have been explored in beech.
References
Adamčík, S., Aude, E., Bässler, C., Christensen, M., Dort, K. van, Fritz, Ö., Glejdura, S., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Holec, J., Jančovičová, S., Kunca, V., Lackovičová, A., Lüth, M., Ódor, P., 2016. Fungi and lichens recorded during the Cryptogam Symposium on Natural Beech Forests, Slovakia 2011. Czech Mycology, 68: 1–40. https://doi.org/10.33585/cmy.68101
Alstrup, V., 1996. Nectria tatrensis sp. nov. and other lichenicolous fungi found on the bryo-lichenological excursion in Slovakia 1993. Biologia, Bratislava, 51: 13–14.
Ashcroft, J.M., 1934. European canker of Black Walnut and other trees. Bulletin of the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, 261: 1–52. https://doi.org/10.33915/agnic.261
Ballesteros, J., Stoffel, M., Bodoque, J., Bollshweiller, M., Hitz, O., Diez- Herrero, A., 2010. Changes in wood anatomy in tree rings of Pinus pinaster Ait. following wounding by flash floods. Tree-Ring Research, 66: 93–103. https://doi.org/10.3959/2009-4.1
Barna, M., Mihál, I., 2019. Bark necroses disease in a beech thicket. Plant Protection Science, 55: 181–190. https://doi.org/10.17221/117/2018-PPS
Brandt, R.W., 1964. Nectria canker of hardwoods. Forest Pest Leaflet, 84. Washington, D.C.: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 7 p.
Cale, J.A., Ashby, A.W., West, J.L., Teale, S.A., Johnston, M.T., Castello, J.D., 2015a. Scale insects, decay and canker fungi in American beech. Forest Pathology, 45: 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12127
Cale, J.A., Garrison-Johnston, M.T., Teale, S.A., Castello, J.D., 2017. Beech bark disease in North America: over a century of research revisited. Forest Ecology and Management, 394: 86–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.03.031
Cale, J.A., Teale, S.A., Johnston, M.T., Boyer, G.L., Perri, K.A., Castello, J.D., 2015b. New ecological and physiological dimensions of beech bark disease development in aftermath forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 336: 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.10.019
Castlebury, L.A., Rossman, A.Y., Hyte, A.S., 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of Neonectria/Cylindrocarpon on Fagus in North America. Canadian Journal of Botany, 84: 1417–1433. https://doi.org/10.1139/b06-105
Cicák, A., Mihál, I., 1997. Metodika hodnotenia nekrotizácie kôry kmeňov buka [Metodology of evaluating bark necrosis on beech stems]. Lesnictví – Forestry, 43:104–109.
Cicák, A., Mihál, I., 2002. State of necrotic disease of beech stands in Slovakia. Mikologija i Fitopatologija, 36: 93–105.
Crowdy, S.H., 1949. Observations on apple canker III. The anatomy of the stem canker. Annals of Applied Biology, 36: 483–495.15402980 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1949.tb06944.x
Funk, G., 1940. Buchenstudien im Apennin [Beech studies in the Apennines]. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft, 53: 230–250.
Gavin, D.G., Peart, D.R., 1993. Effects of beech bark disease on the growth of American beech (Fagus grandifolia). Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 23: 1566–1575. https://doi.org/10.1139/x93-197
Ghasemkhani, M., A. Holefors, S., Marttila, K., Dalman, A., Zborowska, M., Rur, J., Rees-George, H., Nybom, K.R., Everett, R.W., Scheper, A., Garkava-Gustavsson, L., 2016. Real-time PCR for detection and quantification, and histological characterization of Neonectria ditissima in apple trees. Trees, 30: 1111–1125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-015-1350-9
Hanlin, R.T., 1961. Studies in the genus Nectria. II. Morphology of N. gliocladioides. American Journal of Botany, 48: 900–908. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1961.tb11729.x
Hartig, T., 1878. Anatomie and Physiologie der Holzpflanzen [Anatomy and physiology of wood plants]. Berlin: J. Springer. 412 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-91657-1
Hirooka, Y., Rossman, A.Y., Zhuang, W.-Y., Salgado-Zalazar, C., Charverri, P., 2013. Species delimitation for Neonectria coccinea group including the causal agents of beech bark disease in Asia, Europe, and North America. Mycosystema, 32: 485–517.
Houston, D.R., 1994. Temporal and spatial shift within the Nectria pathogen complex associated with beech bark disease of Fagus grandifolia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 24: 960–968. https://doi.org/10.1139/x94-126
Houston, D.R., Parker, E.J., Perrin, R., Lang, K.J., 1979. Beech bark disease: a comparison of the disease in North America, Great Britain, France, and Germany. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 9: 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1979.tb00679.x
Ivanová, H., 2018. Identification and characterization of the fungus Dothiorella sarmentorum on necrotic shoots of declining ash in Slovakia. Folia Oecologica, 45: 53–57. https://doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2018-0006
Jarčuška, B., Mihál, I., Cicák, A., Tsakov, H., 2013. Beech bark necrosis: partitioning the environmental and spatial variation of the damage severity in Central and South-Eastern Europe. Annals of Forest Research, 56: 317–338.
Kacprzyk, M., Matsiakh, I., Musolin, D.L., Selikhovkin, A.V., Baranchikov, Y.N., Burokiene, D., Cech, T., Talgø, V., Vettraino, A.M., Vannini, A., Zambounis, A., Prospero, S., 2017. Damage to stems, branches and twigs of broadleaf woody plants. In Roques, A., Cleary, M., Matsiakh, I., Eschen, R. (eds). Field guide for the identification of damage on woody sentinel plants. Wallingford: CAB International, p. 104–134. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786394415.0104
Leontovyč, R., 1992. Význam rodu Ophiostoma na listnatých drevinách v súčasných zmenených ekologických podmienkach Slovenska [Importance of the genus Ophiostoma in the current ecological conditions in Slovakia]. In Holubová, V., Prášil, K. (eds). Ophiostomatales – výsledky současného taxonomického a fytopatologického výzkumu. Praha: ČSVSM, p. 35–49.
Leontovyč, R., 1997. Výskyt významných hubových ochorení v lesoch Slovenska za obdobie rokov 1972–1996 [The occurrence of significant fungi diseases in Slovakian forests during period 1972–1996]. In Drevoznehodnocujúce huby’97. Zvolen: Technická univerzita, p. 13–20.
Leontovyč, R., Gáper, J., 1997. Hlavné fytopatologické problémy v lesoch Slovenska a možnosti ich eliminácie [Main phytopathological problems in Slovakian forests and possibilities of their elimination]. In Aktuálne problémy v ochrane lesa’ 97. Zborník referátov z celoslovenského seminára, ktorý sa konal 7.–8. apríla 1997 v Banskej Štiavnici. Zvolen: Lesnícky výskumný ústav, p. 7–16.
Metzler, B., Meierjohann, F., Kublin, E., von Wühlisch, G., 2002. Spatial dispersal of Nectria canker of beech in an international provenance trial. Forest Pathology, 32: 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.2002.00276.x
Mihál, I., 2011. Occurrence of fungi of the genus Nectria s.l. (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Bionectriaceae, Nectriaceae) in Slovakia. Folia Oecologica, 38: 80–88.
Mihál, I., Cicák, A., Tsakov, H., Petkov, P., 2009. Occurrence of species of the Nectria s.l. (Bionectriaceae, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycetes) in Central and South-eastern Europe. Folia Oecologica, 36: 32–38.
Mihál, I., Marušák, R., Barna, M., 2019. Dynamics of Fagus sylvatica L. necrotization under different pollutant load conditions. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 28: 2755–2763. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/92209
Rademacher, P., Bauch, J., Shigo, A.L., 1984. Characteristics of xylem formed after wounding in Acer, Betula, and Fagus. Iawa Bulletin, 5: 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000879
Rapp, A.O., Behrmann, K., 1998. Preparation of wood for microscopic analysis after decay testing. Holz als Rohund Werkstoff, 56: 277–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001070050319
Sakamoto, Y., Yamada, Y., Sano, Y., Tamai, Y., Funada, R., 2004. Pathological anatomy of Nectria canker on Fraxinus mandshurica var. Japonica. IAWA Journal, 25: 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000358
Shain, L., 1967. Resistance of sapwood in stems of Loblolly pine to infection by Fomes annosus. Phytopathology, 57: 1034–1045.
Shain, L., 1971. The response of sapwood of Norway spruce to infection by Fomes annosus. Phytopathology, 61: 301–307. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-61-301
Shain, L., 1979. Dynamic responses of differentiated sapwood to injury and infection. Phytopathology, 69: 1143–1147. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-69-1143
Steiner, K.C., Westbrook, J.W., Hebard, F.V., Georgi, L.L., Powell, W.A., Fitzsimmons, S.F., 2017. Rescue of American chestnut with extraspecific genes following its destruction by a naturalized pathogen. New Forests, 48: 317–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-016-9561-5
Surovec, D., 1990. Príznaky a príčiny chradnutia mladých bučín na Slovensku [Symptoms and causes declining of young beech forests in Slovakia]. Les, 46: 12–13.
Surovec, D., 1992. Tracheomycoses of young beech stands from natural regeneration. Acta Instituti Forestalis Zvolen, 8: 97–105.
Surovec, D,. 1993. Vývoj nekróz v mladých bučinách [Development of necrosis in juvenile beech forests]. In Zborník referátov Ochrana lesov proti škodlivým činiteľom. Zvolen: Lesnícky výskumný ústav, p. 45–51.
Vek, V., Oven, P., Humar, M., 2013. Phenolic extractives of wound-associated wood of beech and their fungicidal effect. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 77: 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.10.013
Zalasky, H., 1968. Penetration and initial establishment of Nectria galligena in aspen and peachleaf willow. Canadian Journal of Botany, 46: 57–60. https://doi.org/10.1139/b68-011
Zúbrik, M., Kunca, A., Novotný, J., 2008. Atlas poškodenia lesných drevín. Hmyz a huby [Atlas of damage the forest tree species. Insect and fungi]. Zvolen: Národné lesnícke centrum – Lesnícky výskumný ústav. 178 p.
Yamada, T., 2001. Defense mechanisms in the sapwood of living trees against microbial infection (review). Journal of Forest Research, 6: 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02767083
Yamaji, K., Ichihara, Y., 2012. The role of catechin and epicatechin in chemical defense against damping-of fungi of current-year Fagus crenata seedlings in natural forest. Forest Pathology, 42: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00709.x
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This journal provides immediate open access to its content under the Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights except for commercial rights (transfer of commercial rights) and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.
