Seed germination behavior of Teucrium santae Quézel & Simonneau: a vulnerable and endemic Lamiaceae (Northwest Algeria)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2023-0016Keywords:
conservation, germination, temperature, Teucrium santae, viability, water stressAbstract
As part of the ex-situ conservation of the rare plant species Teucrium santae (Lamiaceae), which is native to Algeria flora, we conducted this study under controlled conditions to determine the optimal circumstances for the germination of its seeds in terms of light, temperature, and water stress. The seeds showed a double dormancy that could be overcome using scarification with sulfuric acid combined with soaking in Gibberellic acid at 1,500 ppm. The seed’s photosensitivity was tested afterward and found to be indifferent. The highest final germination percentage (75%) was obtained at a temperature of 20 °C. The temperature has no significant effect on the velocity coefficient, unlike the initial germination day and the mean germination time which decrease with increasing temperature. On the opposite of the velocity coefficient, water stress results in a tremendous depressive effect on the final germination percentage, initial germination time and mean germination time. The value of –1.2 MPa constitutes the water potential beyond which germination becomes impossible.
References
Algerian Ministry of Spatial Planning and Environment, 2015. Etude diagnostique sur la Biodiversité & les changements climatiques en Algérie. Rapport final [Diagnostic study on Biodiversity and climate change in Algeria. Final report]. 135p.
Al-mudaris, M., 1998. Notes on various parameters recording the speed of seed germination. Der Tropenlandwirt, 99: 147–54.
Alvarado-Lopez, J., Farris, E., 2022. Ecology and evolution of plants in the Mediterranean basin: perspectives and challenges. Plants, 11: 1584. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11121584
Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M. (eds), 2014. Seeds: ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. San Diego: Academic Press. 1,600 p.
Baskin, J.M., Baskin, C.C., 2004. A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Science Research, 14: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1079/SSR2003150
Benvenutti, S., Ceccarini, L., Macchia, M., 2006. Germination ecology of Teucrium marrum (L.) an endemic of the Tuscany arcipelago. Acta Horticulture, 723: 315–320. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.723.44
Bewley, J.D., 1997. Seed germination and dormancy. Plant Cell, 9: 1055–1066. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.9.7.1055
Bita, C.E., Gerats, T., 2013. Plant tolerance to high temperature in a changing environment: scientific fundamentals and production of heat stress-tolerant crops. Frontiers in Plant Sciences, 4: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00273
Bouterfas, K., Mehdadi, Z., Latreche, A., Cherifi, K.,2013. Autoecology White Horehound Marrubium vulgare (L.) and characterization of plant biodiversity in Jebel Tessala (Northwestern Algeria). Ecologia Mediterranea, 39: 39–57.
Bouzidi, M.A., Faraoun, F., Meliani, H., Boubeker, I., Kralifa, M., Zattal, Z., 2012. Caractérisation des sols occupés par les espèces du genre Ruta dans le Djebel Tessala (Nord-Ouest Algérien) [Characterization of soils occupied by species of the genus Ruta in Djebel Tessala (North-West Algeria)]. Les Technologies de Laboratoire, 7: 79–84.
Cherifi, K., Bouker, A., Benabbou, M., Guemour, D., Hasnaoui, O., 2021. Influence du pâturage sur la phytodiversité et la variation de la composition chimique de cinq plantes broutées dans le mont de Tessala (Algérie nord occidentale) [Influence of grazing on the phyto diversity and the variation of the chemical composition of five grazed plants in the mount of Tessala (northwestern Algeria)]. Acta Botanica Malacitana, 46: 31–44. https://doi.org/10.24310/abm.v46i.11929
Cowling, R.M., Ojeda, F., Lamont, B.B., Rundel, P.W., Lechmere-Oertel, R., 2005. Rainfall reliability, a neglected factor in explaining convergence and divergence of plant traits in fire-prone mediterranean-climate ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 14: 509–519. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2005.00166.x
Cramer, W., Guiot, J., Fader, M., Garrabou, J., Gattuso, J.P., Iglesias, A., Lange, M.A., Lionello, P., Lla-Sat, M.C., Paz, S., Penuelas, J., Snoussi, M., Toreti, A., Tsimplis, M.N., Xoplaki, E., 2018. Climate change and interconnected risks to sustainable development in the Mediterranean. Nature Climate Change, 8: 972–980. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0299-2
Dadach M., Mehdadi, Z., 2016. Testing the effect of temperature and salinity on germination behavior of Thymus Fontanesii (Boiss. & Reut). Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 4: 372–378.
Dadach, M., Mehdadi, Z., Adjoudj, A., 2018. Evaluation of the tolerance to temperature and salinity on seed germination of three Lamiaceae from Algerian Scrubland. Advanced Research in Life Sciences, 2: 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1515/arls-2018-0021
Dadach, M., Mehdadi, Z., Latreche, A., 2015. Effect of water stress on seed germination of Thymus serpyllum (L.) from Tessala mount. Journal of Plant Sciences, 10: 151–158. https://doi.org/10.3923/jps.2015.151.158
Dobignard, A., Chatelain, C. (eds), 2010 – 2013. Index synonymique de la flore d’Afrique du Nord. 5 Vol. [Synonymous index of the flora of North Africa. 5 Vol.]. Genève: Conservatory and Botanical Garden of the City of Geneva. 451p.
Dove, N. (eds), 2010. The effect of increasing temperature on germination of native plant species in the North Woods region. Burlington: University of Vermont.
Duncan, C., Schultz, N., Lewandrowski, W., Good, M.K., Cook, S., 2019. Lower dormancy with rapid germination is an important strategy for seeds in an arid zone with unpredictable rainfall. PLoS One, 9: 10–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218421
El oualidi, J., Khamar, H., Fennane, M., Ibn tattou, M., Chauvet, S., Taleb, M.S. (eds), 2012. Checklist des endémiques et spécimens types de la flore vasculaire de l’Afrique du Nord [Checklist of endemics and type specimens of the vascular flora of North Africa]. Document de L’Institut Scientifique, N°25. Rabat: Institut Scientifique, University Mohammed V – Agdal.193 p.
FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1987. Seed storage. In Willan, R.L. (comp.). A guide to forest seed handling with special reference to the tropics. Roma: FAO Forestry Paper. 379 p.
Farahani, S., Hajibarat, Z., 2014. Effect of different treatments on breaking dormancy of Teucrium chamaedrys (L.) seed. Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-product, 3: 63–67. https://doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2014.108606
Ferradous, A., Lamhamedi, M.L., Ouhammou, A., Alifriqui, M., 2017. Mise en application opérationnelle du test de viabilité au tétrazolium chez les semences d’arganier (Argania spinosa) stockées pendant plusieurs années [Operational application of the tetrazolium viability test in argan tree seeds (Argania spinosa) stored for several years]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 47: 1286–1292. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0048
Ferriol, M., Perez, I., Merle, H., Boira, H., 2006. Ecological germination requirements of the aggregate species Teucrium pumilum (Labiatae) endemic to Spain. Plant and Soil, 284: 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-0039-7
Fertout-Mouri, N., Latreche, A., Mehdadi, Z., Akli-Djaaboub, S., Akli, A., 2016. Étude de la phytodiversité et caractérisation de l’habitat de Teucrium polium L. (Lamiaceae) du mont de Tessala (Algérie occidentale) [Study of the phytodiversity and characterization of the habitat of Teucrium polium L. (Lamiaceae) of Mount Tes sala (Western Algeria)]. Ecologia Mediterranea, 42: 21–39.
Finch-Savage, W.E., Leubner-Metzger, G., 2006. Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytologist, 171: 501–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x
Gao, F., Ayele, B.T., 2014. Functional genomics of seed dormancy in wheat: Advances and prospects. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00458
Ghaderi-far, F., Degirmenci, C., Ulgen, T., Tavsanolglu, C., 2021. Light and temperature requirements for germination in the Mediterranean shrub Lavandula stoechas (Lamiaceae). Plant Biology, 23: 992–999. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.13329
Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Alam, M., Roychowdhury, R., Fujita, M., 2013. Physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of heat stress tolerance in plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14: 9643–9684. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14059643
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature database, 2022. Biodiversity knowledge and action in the Mediterranean. Malaga: IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation [cit.04-01-2023]. https://www.iucn.org/sites/default/files/2022-06/biodiversity-knowledge-and-action-in-the-mediterranean.pdf
Jaillard, B., 1985. Activité racinaire et rhizostructures en milieu carbonate [Root activity and rhizostructures in a carbonate environment]. Cahiers ORSTOM. Pédologie, 35: 297–313.
Jayasuriya, K.M.G., Baskin, J.M., Baskin, C.C., 2008. Cycling of sensitivity to physical dormancy-break in seeds of Ipomoea lacunosa (Convolvulaceae) and ecological significance. Annals of Botany, 101: 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm285
Kidron, G.J., Kronenfeld, R., 2015. Temperature rise severely affects pan and soil evaporation in the Negev Desert. Ecohydrology, 9: 1130–1138. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1701
Koger, C., Reddy, K.N., Poston, D.H., 2004. Factors affecting seed germination, seedling emergence, and survival of texasweed (Caperonia palustris). Weed Science, 52: 989–995. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-03-139R2
Li, H., Li, X., Zhang, D., Liu, H., Guan, K., 2013. Effects of drought stress on the seed germination and early seedling growth of the endemic desert plant Eremosparton songoricum (Fabaceae). EXCLI Journal, 4: 89–101.
Lijie, C., Xuejun, C., Xin, Y., Pengyan, B.i., Xiang, D., Xiang, H., He, W., 2020. Effect of calcium carbonate on the mechanical properties and microstructure of red clay. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2020: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5298186
Lipiec, J., Doussan, C., Nosalewicz, A., Kondracka, K., 2013. Effect of drought and heat stresses on plant growth and yield: a review. International Agrophysics, 27: 463–477. https://doi.org/10.2478/intag-2013-0017
Luna, B., Chamorro, D., Perez, B., 2019. Effect of heat on seed germination and viability in species of Cistaceae. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 12: 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2019.1610916
Marouf, A., 2021. Plantes natives d’Algérie [Native plants of Algeria]. [cit.2022-12-17]. https://algerianativeplants.net/index.php
Maguire, J.D., 1962. Speed of germination: aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Sciences, 2: 176–177. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1962.0011183X000200020033x
Martyn, A.C., 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. American Midland Naturalist, 36: 513–660. https://doi.org/10.2307/2421457
Medail, F., Monnet, A.C., Pavon, D., 2019. What is a tree in the Mediterranean Basin hotspot? A critical analysis. Forest Ecosystems, 6: 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-019-0170-6
Meddour, R.S., Jur, O.S., 2023. New analysis of the endemic vascular plants of Algeria: their diversity distribution patterm and conservation status. Willdenowia, 52: 25–43. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.53.53102
Michel, B.E., Kaufmann, M.R., 1973. The osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol 6000. Plant Physiology, 51: 914–916. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.51.5.914
Obroucheva, N.V., 1991. Water content and cell elongation in protruding and growing roots. Development in Agricultural and Managed Forest Ecology, 24: 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-89104-4.50022-0
Obroucheva, N., Sinkevich, I., Lityagina, S., Novikova, G., 2017. Water relations in germinating seeds. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 64: 625–633. https://.org/10.1134/S102144371703013X
Official journal of the Algerian republic n° 3, 2012. Algerian government secretariat. [cit. 2023-04-04]. https://gazettes.africa/archive/dz/2012/dz-government-gazette-dated-2012-01-18-no-3.pdf
Önol, B., Yildirim, M.U., 2021. Breaking seed dormancy and regeneration in Cannabis sativa (L.). International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, 5: 709–719. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2021.4.32
Ozer, D.Z., 1985. Correlation and the coefficient of determination. Psychological Bulletin, 97: 307–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.307
Pinto, A., Batista, T., Binotti, F., Binotti, E., Costa, E., 2021. Thermal stress in the adequacy of the chemical scarification period in Brachiara seeds. Revista de Agricultura Neotropical, 8: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.32404/rean.v8i1.5753
Porceddu, M., Barros torres, S., Bacchetta, G., 2021. Seed germination reports for Teucrium massiliense and Teucrium flavum subsp. glaucum (Lamiaceae). Flora Mediterranea, 31: 264–266. http://dx.doi.org/10.7320/FlMedit31.264
Quail, P., 2010. Phytochromes. Current Biology, 20: 504–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.04.014
Quezel, P., Santa, S. (eds), 1963. Nouvelle flore d’Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales [New flora of Algeria and southern desert regions]. Paris: Scientific Research National Center. 1171 p.
Ramirez-Santiago, D., De-la-cruz-guzman, G., Espitiarangel, Sampayo maldonado, S., Mandujano-pina, M., Arriaga-frias, A., 2020. Velocidad de germinación y temperaturas cardinales en Chenopodium quinoa Suyana y Tunkahuan [Germination rate and cardinal temperatures in Chenopodium quinoa Suyana and Tunkahuan]. Revista Biocensias, 7: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.15741/revbio.07.e880
Rao, N.K., Hanson, J., Dulloo, M.E., Ghosh, K., Nowell, D., Larinde, M. (eds), 2006. Manuel de manipulation des semences dans les banques de gènes [Manual of seed handling in genebanks]. Manuels pour les banques de gènes, N° 8. Rome: Bioversity International. 165 p.
Rodrigues-Junior, A.G., Mello, A., Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M., Oliveira, D., Garcia, Q.S., 2018. Why large seeds with physical dormancy become non dormant earlier than small ones. PLoS One, 13: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202038
Rodriguez, M.V., Barrero, J.M., Corbineau, F., Gubler, F., Benech‐arnold, R.L., 2015. Dormancy in cereals (not too much, not so little): about the mechanisms behind this trait. Seed Science Research, 25: 99–119. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960258515000021
Roede, J.R., Sewart, B.J., Petersen, D.R., 2010. Hepatotoxicity of reactive aldehydes. In Comprehensive toxicology (second edition). Vol. 9. Hepatic toxicology. Elsevier, p. 581–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-046884-6.01025-3
Ruiters, A.K., Tilney, P.M., Van Vuuren, S.F., Viljoen, A.M., Kamatou, P.P., Van Wyk, B.E., 2016. The anatomy, ethnobotany, antimicrobial activity and essential oil composition of Teucrium (Lamiaceae). South African Journal of Botany, 102: 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.06.008
Saidi, B., Latreche, A., Mehdadi, Z., Hakmi, Z., Bouker A., 2016. Dynamique post-perturbation (post-incendie ou post-surpâturage) des communautés végétales des monts de Tessala, Algérie occidentale [Post-disturbance dynamics (post-fire or post-overgrazing) of plant communities in the Tessala Mountains, western Algeria]. Ecologia Mediterranea, 42: 41–49. https://doi.org/10.3406/ecmed.2016.1990
Shu, K., Liu, X.D., Xie, Q., He, Z.H., 2016. Two faces of one seed: hormonal regulation of dormancy and germination. Molecular Plant, 9: 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2015.08.010
Skubacz, A., Daszkowska-Golec, A., 2017. Seed dormancy: the complex process regulated by abscisic acid, gibberellins, and other phytohormones that makes seed germination work. In Phytohormones: signaling mechanisms and crosstalk in plant development and stress responses. Rijeka, Croatia: InTechOpen, p. 77–100. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68735
Smith, F.P., Cocks, P.S., Ewing, M.A., 1996. Short-term patterns of seed softening in Trifolium subterraneum, T. glomeratum, and Medicago polymorpha. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 47: 775–785. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9960775
Soil survey staff (eds), 2014. Keys to soil taxonomy (twelfth edition). USA: US Department of Agriculture USDA. 372 p.
Song, K., Choi, G., 2019. Phytochrome regulation of seed germination. In Phytochromes. Methods in Molecular Biology, 2026. New York, NY: Humana, p. 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9612-4_12
Starfinger, U., Karrer, G., 2016. A standard protocol for testing viability with the Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) Test. Julius-Kühn-Archiv, 455: 65–66. https://doi.org/10.5073/jka.2016.455.18
Tassin, C. (eds), 2012. Paysages végétaux du domaine méditerranéen: Bassin méditerranéen, Californie, Chili central, Afrique du Sud, Australie méridionale [Landscapes of the Mediterranean domain: Mediterranean basin, California, central Chile, South Africa, southern Australia]. Marseille: Edition IRD. 421 p. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.9781
Time and date, 2023. May 2022-Sun in Mediterranean region. [cit.2023-07-13]. https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/@10922502?month=5&year=2022
Underwood, E.C., Viers, J.H., Klausmeyer, K.R., Cox, R.L., Shaw, M.R., 2009. Threats and biodiversity in the mediterranean biome. Diversity and Distributions, 15: 188–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00518.x
Wei, L., Chunping, Z., Quanmin, D., Zenzeng, Y., Hui, C., Yang, Y., Xiaoxia, Y., 2021. Effects of temperature and water potential on seed germination of 13 Poa (L.) species in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Global Ecology and Conservation, 25: e01442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01442
Yin, G., Zeng, H., He, M., Wang, M., 2009. Extraction of Teucrium manghuaense and evaluation of the bioactivity of its extract. International Journal of molecular sciences, 10:4330–4341. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/10/10/4330#
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This journal provides immediate open access to its content under the Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights except for commercial rights (transfer of commercial rights) and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.
