Cieľom Jazykovedného časopisu je zhromažďovať inovatívne príspevky, ktoré spája záujem o všeobecné a teoretické otázky jazyka, jeho povahy, funkcií, riadiacich princípov a interakcie s kognitívnou a sociálnou realitou. Tento zastrešujúci cieľ však pozýva výlučne k predkladaniu návrhov z oblasti všeobecnej a teoretickej lingvistiky, ale otvára sa širokému spektru tém. Patria sem okrem iného štúdie na úrovni morfológie, syntaxe, sémantiky, štylistiky, pragmalingvistiky atď. Vzhľadom na špecifikáciu cieľa časopis neuverejňuje príspevky zaoberajúce sa štúdiom osvojovania si druhého jazyka a prekladom. Preferované sú príspevky zamerané na slovenčinu a iné, prevažne slovanské jazyky, vrátane porovnávacích príspevkov, v ktorých sa zohľadňujú slovanské jazyky. Návrhy môžu podporovať komparatívnu a/alebo historickú perspektívu, kvantitatívnu a/alebo kvalitatívnu metodológiu a môžu byť ukotvené vo všetkých hlavných súčasných lingvistických oblastiach, ako sú filozofia jazyka, kognitívna lingvistika, konštrukčná gramatika, sociolingvistika, diskurzné štúdie, korpusová lingvistika a iné. Týmto širokým spektrom perspektív chce časopis poskytnúť fórum pre výskumníkov, ktorí sa usilujú o hĺbkové a komplexné vysvetlenie jazykových javov, ako aj o lepšie pochopenie jazyka vo všeobecnosti.
Deep content and deep sentiment analysis
The objective of the article is twofold: first, to employ the knowledge of the recurrence of low-frequency words in authorial texts; and second, to prevent the misuse of this knowledge. Contrary to the prevailing authorship attribution theory and practice (Evert et al. 2017, Juola 2008), our research has revealed that the personal linguistic profile is not primarily composed of frequent words with grammatical functions. Instead, we have identified that a distinct set of full-meaning words defines an individual’s linguistic profile (Faltýnek 2020, Faltýnek – Matlach 2021). An examination of these meanings reveals an individual’s unconscious language habits and, consequently, their personality settings. Such personal profiling is referred to as “deep content” and “deep sentiment analysis”. The innovation in question has the potential to facilitate a novel form of linguistic personalization in digital communication, one that has not been previously observed or utilized. The main aim of this article is to describe the algorithm to conduct single-person linguistic deep content and deep sentiment profiling and personalization. We will describe technical steps to provide such a form of digital communication processing and to facilitate the adjustment of a text targeted at an individual, described as a System and method for adapting text-based data structures to text samples (Patent No.: US11797753B2, Faltýnek et al. 2023). This algorithm can be used to (a) produce a personal linguistic profile (analogically to psychometrics instruments such as NEO-FFI Big Five, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)), (b) target digital communication to an individual by “translating” a text to their language (i.e. linguistic habits) and stimulate desired feelings to a predetermined content. The algorithm is, however, also designed (c) to be used to avoid procedures (a) and (b) using any kind of digital communication platform by an individual. This algorithm is implemented in the software Cloakspeech (Faltýnek – Benešová – Kučera 2025), which provides personalization of AI-generated texts: AI speaks like a particular person.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dan Faltýnek, Martina Benešová, Ondřej Kučera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
K proměnám textových funkcí v průběhu staletí na příkladu Matthioliho herbáře
The present study considers the contemporary context of the creation of P. A. Mattiolli’s botanical-medical publication and its language mutations. The author observes alterations in the interpretation of subsequent editions of the Renaissance work. The publication of the herbarium is a continuous process, extending to the present day. Pietro Andrea Mattioli was an Italian physician and botanist who lived from 1501 to 1577. He initiated the composition of his herbarium as Commentarrii in sex libros Pedacii Dioscoridis, providing a commentary on the work of Pedania Dioskúrid of Anazarba De materia medica, dating from the 1st century AD. The Italian version of the herbarium was published in 1544. The extended Latin version was created in 1554. Concurrently, Mattioli assumed the role of Ferdinand Tyrolský’s personal physician in Prague. In this section, the reader will find an extensive reworking of Mattioli’s text by the renowned scholar Tadeáš Hájek (1525-1600). The Czech edition of the herbarium was published by Jiří Melantrich of Aventine in 1562. In the year 1563, Melantrich also published a German version, translated by Georg Handsch of Česká Lípa. The Polish edition was published with the support of King Sigismund Augustus. The result of the translation of the work is, among other things, the significant influence of Polish botanical terminology by Hájek’s Czech terminology. The townspeople utilised the herbarium for the subsequent two centuries as both a practical handbook and an atlas, owing to the descriptions of exotic flora. In the contemporary era, the text is widely regarded as an invaluable literary, linguistic and artistic treasure, in addition to its status as a comprehensive compendium of herbal medicine.
pharmaceutical and medical literature of the early modern era
Copyright (c) 2025 Miloslav Vondráček https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Verbalizace hodnotících postojů v online komunikaci
The text analyses the verbal means by which communicators, especially members of the younger generation, express their evaluative attitudes towards various types of denotations in the electronic communication environment. These linguistic means are divided according to the types of evaluation into ambiguous in meaning, allowing different interpretations depending on the context, and further into means expressing positive and negative evaluation. The author’s primary focus is on the predominant English-derived elements, encompassing both single words and phrases, as well as English sentences in their original form. The majority of these words are currently used slang neologisms, which are characterised by expressiveness, economy of expression, linguistic creativity, and a striving for originality. It is also important to consider motivation and the methods used in relation to the specific characteristics of communication in the online environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Diana Svobodová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
O (liberálnom) fašizme alebo komunikačná manipulácia slovenských politikov
Political communication is one of the socially relevant forms of public communication. Political style is characterized by being strategic and success-oriented (the goal is to influence public opinion or create a certain ideological climate). However, by engaging in the disinformation discourse, persuasion is marked by an increased degree of communicative manipulation. A manipulative communication style is characterized by a specific instrumentalization of language. The analysis of communication style focuses on the development of the topic of so-called “liberal fascism,” which, as a term, is the target of public criticism. The effectiveness of political communication is ensured by the overall stylistic shaping of texts, meaning that attention is primarily focused on the ways of presenting the speech and creating suitable (interpretative) conditions for achieving a certain effect. The aim of this paper was to analyse the methods of manipulation in political communication, which are developed in all of its aspects, i.e. at the level of the content, at the level of self-presentation, at the level of relationship and at the level of appeal.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jaroslava Rusinková https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
K variabilitě frazémů: my nesedneme na žádnou vějičku a nedáme se opít rohlíkem
The present paper examines the variability of the Czech phraseme sednout/chytit na vějičku [meaning: to deceive someone, lit.: to sit/to catch someone on a decoy], as well as the use of the Czech word vějička [decoy] in a metaphorical sense. The material that was analysed consists of a series of corpus examples relating to the Czech phraseme sednout/chytit na vějičku. The corpora employed for this study were Totalita and SYN v13. The research method employed in this paper is the typology of multi-word expressions (Hnátková et al. 2018) and the typology of phraseme variability (Jelínek et al. 2018). The present study seeks to identify the types of variability that can be identified for the Czech phraseme under study. The analysis revealed the presence of different types of phraseme variability. A case of morphological variability was documented, namely the quite common use of the Czech noun vějička [decoy] as a part of the phraseme in the plural. The noun vějička can be further developed, sometimes with great richness, with attributes, which is an example of syntactic variability. The lexical variability is manifested both by the use of different verbs that can form the phraseme under study (e.g. sednout [to sit], chytit [to chatch]) and by their variants (e.g., sedat, chytat). The Czech expressions skákat/skočit na vějičku [to jump on a decoy] and naletět na vějičku [to fly on a decoy] are synonymous. These verbs can be regarded as further examples of lexical (verbal) variability of the phraseme under study. The corpus examples furthermore offered various types of pleonastic expressions, of which the phraseme under study became a constituent.
Czech phraseme sednout/chytit na vějičku (meaning: to deceive someone)
Copyright (c) 2025 Lucie Jílková https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Styl, jazykové kódy a konstrukce recipienta (na příkladu české detektivní literatury)
The paper explores the concept of literary style, examining its multifaceted and diverse character, which is characterised by the presence of multiple linguistic (and cultural) codes. The manner in which these codes are selected and utilised serves to construct the recipients as subjects who possess (or lack) specific knowledge, experiences, and attitudes. The issue is illustrated with three examples from contemporary Czech detective fiction, since this genre often stresses regional, historical or ethnic specifics. Jaroslav Velinský employs a substantial amount of non-standard Czech in his novels, incorporating colloquialisms and slang words to accentuate the local, social and temporal setting of the narration. Furthermore, the assumption is made that the recipient is familiar with the various cultural codes that exist. In the context of Petr Eidler’s novels, it is notable that the use of elements of the Czech Jewish ethnolect serves to recall the tradition and tragic past of the Jewish community. This contributes to the texts evoking a sense of otherness and exclusivity. (3) The detective stories penned by Jan Sagitarius are set in the environs of Těšín, Silesia. The use of the local dialect is nuanced, serving to demonstrate the distinctiveness of the region and to differentiate the characters’ positions. Eidler and Sagitarius construct the recipient as a subject to whom the codes used are not applicable.
Copyright (c) 2025 Petr Mareš https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Literární stylizace každodenní komunikace ve dvou současných českých prózách
The article sets out to examine the relationship that exists between the communicative sphere of everyday (primarily spoken) communication and the sphere of literary communication. The problematic concept of “colloquial style” is arguably not appropriate for association with either ordinary informal dialogues or dialogues of characters in artistic texts. The stylistic features of unprepared spoken communications are always selectively transferred to an artistic text, thereby representing a “stylised spontaneity” which is incorporated into the structure and singular style of a literary work. The potential for such a transfer is explored in this article through an analysis of two recently published Czech novels. In Alice Horáčková’s novel Rozpůlený dům [The Split House], the dialogues are primarily characterised by Czech-German multilingualism, combined with the typical devices of Common Czech (marginally also dialect) and lexical expressivity. In Simona Bohatá’s novel Klikař Beny [Beny the Lucky], multilingualism is only superficially represented, with the text predominantly featuring Common Czech and a colloquial vocabulary comprising slang, expressive words, vulgarisms and Germanisms. The transfer of the characteristics of ordinary communication into the sphere of art is characterised in the conclusion from the functional point of view. Furthermore, the issue of how to evaluate the stylised use of time-conditioned slang is raised.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jana Hoffmannová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The present study aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on style-forming factors in Czech and Slovak functional stylistics, with a particular focus on their configuration in texts. The authors propose that style-forming factors should be defined as elements that: Firstly, they are derived from the communicative situation and its components. Secondly, they are associated with a set of expressive means in the minds of community members. Thirdly, they influence both the production and reception of the text. In the context of subjective style formation, authors have distinguished between individual and group factors, the latter encompassing factors such as the author’s affiliation to a social group, particularly one characterised by age or gender. The present authors posit that functional styles emerge from a configuration of style-forming factors that reflect the individual components of a communicative situation that is considered typical for a given functional style. The relationship between these components and text style is indirect, with the norms of functional styles and their age- and gender-related varieties serving as mediators. This theoretical framework facilitates a more comprehensive analysis of the interplay between style-forming factors, functional style, and style norms. It also enables the study of the transformation of functional style norms, thereby integrating stylistics with variational and interactional sociolinguistics.
functional style and its age- and gender-related varieties
Copyright (c) 2025 Kamila Mrázková, Jiří Homoláč https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Inkluzívny potenciál komunikačno-slohovej výchovy
The contribution presented here is a partial publication output that follows logically from the implemented project of inclusive stylistics. It embodies its didactic-methodical constituent, which is oriented towards the implementation and evolution of the principles of inclusive language and inclusive stylistics within the context of school education in Slovak language classes, with a particular emphasis on communicative-stylistic education. In this phase of the research, the primary objective is to substantiate the necessity for the incorporation of Slovak as a mother tongue in the school environment, in light of the discernible escalation in degressive tendencies within society. Additionally, this phase aims to elucidate anti-inclusive factors in communication. In the text of the contribution, we advocate for forms of inclusion that are more broadly understood and intuitive, as opposed to their formalised and largely indoctrinated variants. This approach is intended to enhance the humanising effects of communication and practical stylisation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Miloš Horváth https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Aspekty inklúzie v multimodálnej sociovedeckej komunikácii
The article employs multimodal socioscientific communication to illustrate how the concept of inclusivity is portrayed in the multimodal online stylistic interaction of creators and recipients. The text subsequently provides a concise exposition of socioscientific communication within a virtual environment, with a particular emphasis on its defining characteristic of inclusiveness. This phenomenon is interpreted as an effect that emerges from a specific configuration of the interacting creator with recipients, media and stylistic qualities that are related to the clarity of the content and the politeness of the actors of the given communication. The initial points are illustrated through the interpretation of the multimodal socioscientific communication of the influencer Vedátor from the social network Instagram. The author’s interpretations are combined with the interpretations of language users that were collected during qualitative research. This provides a more nuanced understanding of verbal-nonverbal interaction in a virtual environment. The present study contributes to the ongoing discourse surrounding the specifics of multimodal (socioscientific) communication in relation to the stylization process and its product.
Copyright (c) 2025 Michal Zoller https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Kváziinkluzívne komunikačné správanie ako novodobý trend
The present study focuses on the identification and characterisation of manifestations of quasi-inclusive communicative behaviour in the context of the media-social environment. The text emphasises the pivotal function of social media in the process of mediating social reality, a phenomenon that is intrinsically linked to alterations in communication practices that are influenced by the logic inherent in media. It is imperative to emphasise the significance of elucidating the fundamental characteristics of media reality, which serves as a conducive milieu for the cultivation and augmentation of quasi-inclusive communication practices. The concept of quasi-inclusiveness in relation to network communication is interpreted in two aspects: The first result is due to the pragmatization (instrumentalisation) of inclusive comprehensibility, as demonstrated through the analysis of media-scientific communication. The second result is a communication strategy, as demonstrated through the analysis of media-political communication. Drawing upon an analysis of media-scientific and media-political communications, the study interprets the key attributes of quasi-inclusive communicative behaviour. In the current socio-cultural context, such behaviour is perceived as an effective mode of interaction and is gradually becoming a communication trend beyond just social media. The study indicates a substantial shift in the manner in which experts and political figures engage with the general public, whereby quasi-partner communication, founded on quasi-inclusive communicative techniques, assumes a predominant role. This prompts further inquiry into the mounting influence of populism in social praxis, as it seamlessly integrates into public discourse, influenced by the forces of entertainment culture and intellectual simplicity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maryna Kazharnovich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The present paper aims to develop the theoretical concept of inclusive persuasion. A fruitful moment for reflection on inclusivity in persuasion is the acknowledgement that a difference of opinion—and the accompanying psychological moment of resistance on the recipient’s side—is an inherent component of persuasive activity. In the present paper, further anti-inclusive factors in persuasion are identified (situation, social hierarchy, ego and personality orientation of the interactants, etc.) that can be, to a certain extent, neutralised through the adoption of an inclusive persuasive style. The present paper draws upon psychological accounts of persuasion (Grác 1985; Rosenberg 2019) to posit the notion that legitimate persuasion is an interaction in which both the persuader and the persuadee manifest and actively assert their agency, in accordance with the principle of participant involvement. The objective of the present paper is twofold: firstly, to provide a linguistic account of inclusive persuasion and, secondly, to demonstrate selected linguistic and communicative acts that contribute to the inclusive stylization of persuasive interaction. Furthermore, we interpret inclusive persuasion, in accordance with F. Miko’s (1982) framework, as a form of value-based communication, and address the following questions: What are the factors that contribute to the value conveyed through persuasive communication? What values guide the communicative behaviour of participants in inclusive persuasive interactions? How do participants exert value-based influence on one another through persuasive communication?
Copyright (c) 2025 Alena Bohunická https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Komunikacja egalitarna we współczesnej polszczyźnie
The author’s research objective is to describe the phenomenon of communicative egalitarianism. The article presents remarks on contemporary nominative practices within national communities that recognize inclusivity as a social and linguistic value. The author addresses the question of how communicative practices in contemporary Polish reflect the egalitarian and identity-related tendencies characteristic of current public discourse. An important conceptual clarification introduced in the article concerns the distinction between non-discriminatory language and egalitarian language. The former is applied to members of different racial or ethnic groups within a dominant community, while the latter is primarily used in reference to women within a male-dominated public discourse. The article is organized into four thematic sections, each corresponding to a distinct communicative domain: 1) Institutional communication grounded in respect for the addressee; 2) Communication respecting sexual and romantic orientation; 3) Communication acknowledging and respecting femininity; 4) Communication sensitive to neurodiversity. The author conducts a reconnaissance of spoken and written language practices corresponding to these four categories. The first category encompasses practices related to the use of noun doublets referring to persons, collective nouns, and various forms of linguistic neutralization. In written communication, this includes the use of keyboard symbols such as the underscore (_) and the slash (/), which serve as graphic markers of gender inclusivity. This group also includes initiatives such as the Jasnopis project, which promotes clarity, accessibility, and inclusivity in public and institutional communication. The second category includes the use of noun endings such as -e and -u, as well as the verbal inflectional particle -u employed as an alternative to gender-marked verb forms. These morphological strategies serve to neutralize grammatical gender and promote greater inclusivity in reference to individuals of diverse sexual and romantic orientations, x-forms, xatives, dukaisms, personatives. The third category comprises feminine noun forms and feminatives, which serve to linguistically represent and affirm women’s presence and agency within public and professional discourse. The fourth category includes expressions that distance the description from the individual, favoring person-first formulations such as a verbally diverse person or a person with neurodivergent experience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iwona Loewe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Stimuly pre slovenskú inkluzívnu štylistiku z interdisciplinárneho spektra
The nascent Slovak inclusive interactive stylistics has the ambition of interconnecting a thoroughly anchored theory on the selection of language means in structurally defined abstract language styles with considerations of the preferred alternative in the spectrum of their communication applications in the context of 21st-century liberal Europe. It is imperative to establish stylistics that serve to neutralise violence in interpersonal communication, thereby promoting practices and norms of humanised communication grounded in the principles of equality, freedom, and the full self-realisation of engaged individuals within a participatory society. It is evident that pragmatic concepts play a pivotal role in facilitating a novel, inclusive interaction stylistics. These concepts are designed to negotiate and ratify the meaning of verbal interactions in conversations, while preserving the partner’s face (in polite communication). Additionally, they draw upon stimuli from context- ‑dependent discourse analysis and communication theory.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oľga Orgoňová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Koncepcia inkluzívneho štýlu a oporné pojmy jeho opisu
The present study constitutes a contribution to the development of the concept of inclusive style as the basis of inclusive stylistics. The author provides a justification for the necessity of such a style and presents fundamental concepts for the description of an inclusive style. The ideology of social inclusion is the theoretical foundation upon which the programme is based. The ideology of social inclusion is predicated on the notion that an inclusive society is both legitimate and stimulates the promotion of inclusive communication in social practice. The author further develops his theory of such communication, and, building on its background, he presents ideas aimed at illuminating an inclusive style. He comprehends this style as the unity of inclusive communication and language style, and consequently responds to the need to clarify communication and language style, as well as the relationship between them. The study calls for empirical investigation of communication from the perspective of inclusive language use, alongside the monitoring of anti-inclusive factors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Juraj Dolník https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Fonologické procesy v prúde posunkovania
Segments in spoken and sign language interaction do not produce individual units in isolation but in a continuous stream of expression. When using language for communication, the forms of segments can be simplified to make communication more efficient for both communicators and communicants. This communication can result in changes in the way formal units of language are formed. It follows that, as in spoken languages, there are considerable differences in how sign languages are articulated. The differences may manifest in lexis and syntax and in phonetic differences related to social and linguistic factors. In this paper, we focus on the linguistic factors causing differences in the articulation of signs, specifically on the phonological processes within which different adaptations in the forms of signs may occur. For this reason, we will approach several phonological processes in the stream of signing occurring in different national sign languages compared to Slovak sign language and their characteristic features. Understanding phonological processes in the realization of signing can enrich the field of phonetics and phonology in general.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roman Vojtechovský https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Quantitative Corpus Analysis of VladimirPutin’s Speeches
This study presents a quantitative analysis of Vladimir Putin’s public speeches from 1999 to 2024, utilizing a corpus of approximately 1.75 million words sourced from the official Kremlin website. Using computational linguistic techniques, including hierarchical cluster analysis, TF*IDF keyword extraction and temporal trend analysis, the research systematically examines the evolution of Putin’s rhetorical style and thematic content. Significant stylistic and thematic shifts are identified, particularly around 2012, coinciding with his return to the presidency and a notable increase in authoritarian governance. Prominent themes such as national identity, economic policy, security, and international conflicts vary significantly in prominence and shift in emphasis in response to key historical and political milestones. The findings reveal clear correlations between Putin’s language patterns and major political or critical events, including the Chechen conflict, Putin’s political rise and return to the presidency, the annexation of Crimea, and the recent military interventions in Ukraine. These findings demonstrate Putin’s strategic rhetorical adaptability within changing geopolitical contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Petr Pořízka, Polina Ivankova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Corpus of Dramas by the Čapek Brothers From a Quantitative Perspective
This text presents the first quantitative analysis of the plays of the Čapek brothers, exploring the linguistic and stylistic differences between their individual and collaborative works. Utilizing computational methods and quantitative approaches, it analyses a corpus of ten plays, focusing on the distribution and proportion of parts of speech in both dialogue and stage directions. The analysis reveals significant stylistic differences: Josef Čapek is characterized by a descriptive language rich in nouns with fewer words overall, while Karel Čapek uses a more dynamic approach with a predominance of verbs. Cluster analysis shows that Josef’s dramas form a separate, distinct group when both dialogue and stage directions are considered, with stage directions showing particularly marked differences. Morphological coefficients, including the noun coefficient (Kn) and Busemann coefficient (B), quantitatively confirm these stylistic differences, with Josef’s plays showing extreme values that indicate high descriptive saturation, especially in the stage directions. This structural analysis not only provides quantitative evidence of different authorial styles, but also lays a foundation for future research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Petr Pořízka, Ján Mačutek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Longer Words, Easier-to-pronounce Phonemes: A Pilot Study
The study investigates the relationship between word length and phoneme sonority in six languages across diverse language families. Building on the principle of least effort and the Menzerath-Altmann law, the research is aimed to analyze the phoneme sonority using translated New Testament texts in Bilua, Bola, Czech, Gagauz, Jamamadi, and Tongan. The findings reveal that in languages with complex syllables, the tendency of longer words to contain shorter syllables—consistent with the Menzerath-Altmann law— results in a higher proportion of vowels, thereby increasing the mean phoneme sonority. In contrast, languages with simple syllable structures exhibit either a decrease in mean phoneme sonority or no clear trend. Further, mean consonant sonority increases with word length in Bilua, Czech, and Gagauz, while no clear trend is observed in Bola, Jamamadi, and Tongan. Conversely, mean vowel sonority increases with word length in Bola, Jamamadi, and Tongan, but remains stable or decreases in Bilua, Czech, and Gagauz. Overall, the analysis reveals consistent patterns linking word length and sonority across all six languages.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ján Mačutek, Radek Čech, Michaela Koščová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Syntactic Complexity and Political Ideology: A Study of Czechoslovak andCzech Presidential Speeches
This study analyzes syntactic complexity in Czechoslovak and Czech presidential speeches, using a corpus of New Year’s addresses spanning nearly a century. Applying quantitative stylometric methods, we measure average sentence length (ASL), average clause length (ACL), mean dependency distance (MDD), and mean hierarchical distance (MHD) to compare syntactic structures across democratic and communist regimes. The results show that democratic presidents generally use more complex sentence structures, while communist-era speeches are syntactically simpler. However, individual differences are also observed inside groups. Husák exhibits higher complexity among communist leaders, and modern democratic presidents (Klaus, Zeman, Pavel) show a trend toward simplification. These findings confirm ideological influences on presidential rhetoric and highlight a broader shift toward linguistic accessibility in contemporary political speech.
Copyright (c) 2025 Miroslav Kubát, Michaela Nogolová, Xinying Chen, Žaneta Stiborská https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Corpus-based Analysis of Color Imagery in the Poetry Collection Dar by Maša Haľamová
The study presents a methodological approach that employs an annotated corpus to track the frequency of colors and their shades, as well as to visualize color clusters and their preferences. Corpus analysis reveals that the highest frequencies in the debut collection Dar [The Gift] are found in red, yellow with gold, white, but also gray and green. The results indicate that the color palette in the collection functions as an integral component of lyrical structure and actively contributes to the process of spiritualization. The poetic symbolization of color and its compositional use in expressing spirituality are part of the author’s artistic strategy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Katarína Gajdošová, Ivica Hajdučeková, Peter Malčovský https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Advanced Syntactic Phenomena in the NomVallex Lexicon
NomVallex 2.5 is a valency lexicon of Czech nouns and adjectives that besides valency of particular noun and adjectival lexical units captures several valencyrelated syntactic phenomena, namely (i) active and passive syntax, (ii) systemic and non-systemic valency behavior, (iii) reflexivity and reciprocity, and (iv) negation. These phenomena, represented in the lexicon mostly by deverbal and deadjectival derivatives, are described here with respect to the derivational category of denominal adjectives. Though being regarded as less typical representatives of valency bearers in the non-verbal domain, denominal adjectives turned out to be involved in all of the studied syntactic phenomena. Their syntactic behavior thus can be viewed as similar to other derivational categories, especially to deverbal adjectives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Veronika Kolářová, Václava Kettnerová, Jiří Mírovský https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Modelling Valency Frames Using Inheritance: The Case of Czech Adjectives -telný ‘able’
We introduce a first step to modelling valency frames of selected types of nominals. We work on the assumption that nominals inherit – at least to some extent – valency from their base verbs. We illustrate this task in a case study focused on modelling valency frames of Czech deverbal adjectives -telný ‘able’. First, the valency frames of the adjectives -telný contained in NomVallex are compared with the valency frames of their base verbs in VALLEX. Based on this comparison, two formal rules describing valency changes in the valency frames of adjectives -telný are formulated. Second, for each lexical unit of a verb that satisfies the conditions imposed by some of the rules, the derived adjective -telný is extracted from DeriNet, if such an adjective is available. Third, the valency frame of the adjective is derived from the valency frame of the verb based on the respective rule. Lastly, the accuracy of both rules is verified in the corpus data. The experiment has shown that the valency of these adjectives can be modeled on the rule basis. However, if this task is to be accurate, it requires advanced linguistic information, namely the information on semantic class membership of verbs and on compound adjectives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Václava Kettnerová, Jiří Mírovský, Michal Olbrich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Do Frequency Types Matter in Lexicography?
Word frequency in a corpus can be calculated in several different ways. Amongst the most common frequency types are the absolute frequency, the document frequency, ALDF and ARF. This paper focuses on comparing these four types in terms of “word correctness.” For determining whether a word is correct or not, we use the data gathered for the Czech lexicon used for the recent Czech Dictionary Express project. In this project, each of the top 100,000 most frequent headwords was reviewed by several Czech native speakers, who decided whether the word should be accepted or rejected or has some minor issues. The quality of the “word correctness” is further discussed in the paper.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marek Blahuš, Vojtěch Kovář, František Kovařík https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
From Rule-based Proofreader Beta Opravidlo to AI-powered Opravidlo 2.0
The demand for accurate and error-free written communication in Czech has led to the development of automated proofreading tools. Beta Opravidlo, a rule-based online proofreader launched in 2022, demonstrated high precision and recall in correcting Czech texts. However, its reliance on predefined linguistic rules limited recall and processing speed. With advancements in machine learning and large language models (LLMs), a transition toward AI-powered proofreading became necessary. This article explores the evolution from Beta Opravidlo to Opravidlo 2.0, integrating deep neural networks to enhance correction capabilities. We discuss proofreading as a machine learning task, compare traditional rule-based and neural approaches, and challenges such as explainability, system integration or computational requirements. The most effective solution is a hybrid approach combining rule-based precision with AI-driven adaptability. Opravidlo 2.0 aims to improve recall, optimize inference time, and extend support to other Slavic languages. This interdisciplinary effort highlights the potential of AI-powered proofreading to set new standards in language correction and usability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hana Žižková, Zuzana Nevěřilová, Jakub Machura, Aleš Horák, Dana Hlaváčková, Patrik Stano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Annotated Slovak Datasets for Toxicity, Hate Speech, and Sentiment Analysis
The rise of social media has led to an increase in toxic language, hate speech, and offensive content. While extensive research exists for widely spoken languages like English, Slovak remains underrepresented due to the lack of high-quality datasets. This gap limits the development of effective models for toxicity detection and sentiment analysis in Slovak. To address this, we introduce three new annotated Slovak datasets focused on toxic language, offensive language, hate speech detection, and sentiment analysis. These native datasets provide a more reliable foundation for automated moderation compared to machine-translated alternatives. Our research also highlights the real-world impact of online toxicity, including social polarization and psychological distress, emphasizing the need for proactive detection systems on social media platforms. This paper reviews existing Slovak datasets, presents our newly developed resources, and provides a comparative analysis. Finally, we outline key contributions and suggest future directions for improving toxic language detection in Slovak.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zuzana Sokolová, Maroš Harahus, Daniel Hládek, Ján Staš https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Tailored Fine-tuning for Comma Insertion in Czech
Transfer learning techniques, particularly the use of pre-trained Transformers, can be trained on vast amounts of text in a particular language and can be tailored to specific grammar correction tasks, such as automatic punctuation correction. The Czech pre-trained RoBERTa model demonstrates outstanding performance in this task (Machura et al. 2022); however, previous attempts to improve the model have so far led to a slight degradation (Machura et al. 2023). In this paper, we present a more targeted fine-tuning of this model, addressing linguistic phenomena that the base model overlooked. Additionally, we provide a comparison with other models trained on a more diverse dataset beyond just web texts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jakub Machura, Hana Žižková, Patrik Stano, Tereza Vrabcová, Dana Hlaváčková, Ondřej Trnovec https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
AI and the Translation of Idioms – Challenges, Success, and a Corpus Perspective
This study explores the capabilities of artificial intelligence in translating English idioms into Slovak, with and without contextual information. Using a dataset of 100 idioms and evaluating AI-generated translations against a validated bilingual dictionary of idioms, both qualitative and statistical analyses were employed. The results show an unexpectedly high accuracy in context-free translations, while context occasionally led to deterioration. McNemar’s test and a t-test confirmed a statistically significant shift in performance. The study highlights key advantages and limitations of AI, suggesting further research into reverse and cross-linguistic translation as well as employment of corpus-based methods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Filip Kalaš, Pavol Lipták https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Financial Question-answering Dataset for Slovak Language Model Evaluation
The limited availability of language resources for Slovak presents a significant challenge for the development and evaluation of language models. In this paper, we introduce a multiple-choice question-answering dataset specifically designed for the financial domain in Slovak. The dataset contains 1,334 questions, each with one correct answer and four incorrect ones. It is systematically organized by topic and difficulty level to facilitate structured evaluation. Using this dataset, we assess the performance of several Slovak generative language models and compare their results against a general questionanswering dataset to analyze domain-specific model capabilities. The best-performing model is a monolingual Slovak model. Furthermore, the observed performance differences between financial-domain and general question-answering tasks suggest that domainspecific language modeling requires further research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Daniel Hládek, Kristián Sopkovič, Ján Staš, Zuzana Sokolová, Matúš Pleva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Redefining Terminology Work: The Role of Glossaries and TMs in Customized AI-driven Machine Translation
This study investigates whether traditional terminology work in the customization of machine translation (MT) systems can be effectively replaced by translation memories (TMs) alone. Given the growing reliance on AI-driven translation tools, we evaluated three MT configurations using English–Slovak technical documentation: a baseline (non-customized system), a system customized with both TMs and a glossary, and a system customized with TMs only. Since the text corpora for the given area were sufficient, we used the LLM model to generate additional training data. Results show that TM-only customization can achieve terminology translation accuracy nearly equivalent to setups that include glossaries—particularly when supported by high-quality, domain-specific bilingual data. Nonetheless, glossary-based customization further improves consistency, and terminology errors persist across all systems. This suggests that although automation of translation processes can reduce dependence on traditional terminology building, terminology databases remain essential for ensuring the quality (QA) of the output text. The study offers practical guidance for translators, terminologists, and developers of translation tools by emphasizing the importance of collaboration between automated and human-driven translation processes. It also underscores both the promise and limitations of LLM-generated data for domain adaptation in low-resource language settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jakub Absolon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0